CitiSpot: Rock climbing

Messner_summit_Chooyu

Reinhold Messner (born September 17, 1944) is an Italian mountaineer and explorer from South Tyrol "whose astonishing feats on Everest and on peaks throughout the world have earned him the status of the greatest climber in history." He is renowned for making the first solo ascent of Mount Everest without supplemental oxygen and for being the first climber to ascend all fourteen "eight-thousanders" (peaks over 8,000 metres (26,000 ft) above sea level). He is the author of at least 63 books (in German, 1970–2006), many of which have been translated into other languages.

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Up to 1970 Reinhold Messner had made a name for himself mainly through his achievements in the Alps. Between 1950 and 1964 he led over 500 ascents, most of them in the Dolomites.

Reinhold Messner was the first man to climb all fourteen eight-thousanders in the world and without supplemental oxygen. His climbs were also all amongst the first 20 ascents for each mountain individually. Specifically, these are:

Year	Peak (height in metres)	Remarks
1970	Nanga Parbat (8,125)
1972	Manaslu (8,163)
1975	Hidden Peak (Gasherbrum I) (8,080)
1978	Mount Everest (8,848), Nanga Parbat(8,125)	First ascent of Everest without supplementary oxygen. Nanga Parbat: first solo ascent of 8000er from basecamp
1979	K2 (8611)
1980	Mount Everest (8,848)	First to ascend alone and without supplementary oxygen - during the monsoon
1981	Shishapangma (8,027)
1982	Kangchenjunga (8,586), Gasherbrum II(8,034), Broad Peak (8,051)	Also failed summit attempt on Cho Oyu during winter
1983	Cho Oyu (8188)
1984	Hidden Peak (Gasherbrum I) (8,080),Gasherbrum II (8,034)	At one time without returning to basecamp
1985	Annapurna (8,091), Dhaulagiri (8,167)
1986	Makalu (8,485), Lhotse (8,516)

Dhaulagiri Mountain

Everest

In 2003 Messner started work on a project for a mountaineering museum. On 11 June 2006 the Messner Mountain Museum (MMM) opened, a museum that unites the stories of the growth and decline of mountains, culture in the Himalayan region and the history of South Tyrol within one museum.

The MMM consists of the main museum at Sigmundskron Castle, which majors on the relationship between man and mountain, and four branches with different themes:

Juval Castle in the Burggrafenamt looks at mystical mountains, such as Mount Kailash or Ayers Rock and their religious significance.

The MMM on the Monte Rite (2181 metres high) is dedicated to the subject of rocks, particularly in the Dolomites. Here, the history of the formation of the Dolomites is explained. It is housed in an old fort.

The fourth MMM is located in Sulden on the Ortler. Here, everything revolves around the theme of ice. It deals with the history of mountaineering on ice and the great glaciers of the world. Next to the MMM is the "Yak und Yeti" inn.

The fifth MMM is still in development. It is due to be opened in the spring of 2011 at Bruneck Castle in the South Tyrol. In addition to the presentation of various hill tribes, such as Sherpas,Tibetans and Hunza, each year guest speakers from mountainous areas of the world will talk about their lives in the castle.

(source)

Nicole-Messner

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Reinhold Messner

Messner_Nanga_Parbat

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Abseil: A way for a climber to descend a cliff by lowering themselves using a rope. Known as rappeling in the US.

Adjusting (v.): Refining the hand or foot positions after the first catch or step to improve balance and power consumption, or just to make place for second arm or foot.

Arête (n.): An outside corner of a cliff face.

Ascender (n.): A device which assists in ascending a rope.

Barndoor (v.): Swinging outward with one hand and one foot still touching the rock.

Belay: To hold the opposite end of the rope from the one tied to the climber, using either a friction device or by wrapping it around one's body so that it can be held if the climber falls. This also means a place on a climb where a climber may stop to belay

Beta (n.): Any helpful tips, solutions to problems, guides, tricks, etc that one climber passes on to another, usually about a particular problem (as opposed to tips about bouldering in general, though there is obviously some overlap).

Bolt (n.): An expansion or glue-in anchor used in conjunction with a metal hanger as protection on sport climbing routes, and for anchors at the top of sport, and some traditional routes.

Boulderer (n.): Any person participating in bouldering; usually synonymous in context with the more general term 'climber'.

Chimney (n.): A wide crack, into which a climber can fit their whole body.

Crash pad (n.): A pad, usually made of foam, placed at the bottom of a boulder problem onto which a climber can land if they fall, reducing the likelihood of some injuries (known as a Bouldering mat in the UK).

Crimp (n. v.): A type of hold used when the climber can fit only their fingertips on the hold. A crimp may be 'closed,' in which the thumb is pressed over the index finger to strengthen one's grip, or the crimp may be 'open', where the thumb does not touch the fingers. Closed crimps, while stronger, put more stress on the hand and are generally regarded as posing a higher risk of injury.

Crux (n.): The most difficult move or series of moves in a problem or route. The grade of a problem or route is generally determined by the difficulty of the crux (depending on the type of grading system being used).

Dab (v.): Touching anything other than the climbing surface in any way, whether intentional or not; it is grounds for immediate termination of a 'send' attempt.

Deathball (n.): Similar to a highball, but high enough that if one would fall, death is a possibility.

Descender (n.): A device which assists in safely descending a rope.

Dihedral (n.): An inside corner of a cliff face (known as a corner in the UK).

Dyno (n.): Shortened form of dynamic movement. Essentially any movement that requires the climber to jump or to swing from one hold to another. Technically, a dyno is a move that, if not completed successfully (by catching the next hold), will result in a fall. Some consider the definition of the dyno as every dynamic movement that cannot be reversed, e.g. to be not able to return to the previous position after doing that kind of move.

Eliminate (n. v.) (a.k.a. Elimination): Any problem that eliminates some of the holds on a natural way up the boulder, maximizing the total number of climbs in a limited space. The removed holds or rock parts can be removed for feet, hands or both. This term can also be used to describe a route which doesn't take the most obvious line up a cliff, often a line in between two more obvious lines

First Ascent (n.) (a.k.a. FA): As it sounds - to climb a project for a first time.

First Go (n.): This is the case when the climber has climbed some sections of the boulder already and then climbs the whole boulder on his first try. This can happen when the boulderer wanted to check out the crux section just to see if it is possible for him to do the boulder or when he already has climbed part of the boulder, which is a variaton of the current one or belongs to other line.

Flag (v.): Extending a leg as a counter-balance without placing your foot on a hold.

Flash (n.): Completing a problem on the first try with no falls, but with beta. The climber can also check the holds but not to hang on them or put his feet on the boulder.

Free (v.): To FA a problem usually refers when the project was available for a long time and was opened for all (which in climbing ethics means that everyone may try the problem and take the FA).

Gaston (n.): A hand hold, when gripped, turns the climbers hand inwards (thumbs down).

Grade (n.): Boulder problems are ranked by difficulty using a graded system.

Highball (n.): A term for a boulder problem that is so high, falling when close to the top could cause serious injury. Some highballs have anchor bolts at the top to allow for protected top-rope climbing.

Hold (n.): Any rock feature that a climber can use to ascend the problem. These can be cracks, crimps, jugs, places to smear, etc, that can be used in any useful way by the hands or the feet.

Jam (v. n.): Placing a foot or a hand, usually in a crack, and rotating or loading it so that it can support the climber.

Jug (n.): A hold that is large enough to allow the climber to reach their entire hand around (or inside of), making it a good low-impact hold, usually with low possibility of injury. In hard boulders jugs are well beloved for resting (shaking hands or even no hand rests).

Mantle (v.): Abbreviation of mantleshelf. A maneuver whereby the climber initially pulls down on a hold (usually matched) with enough force to propel them upwards, and then rapidly changes the pulling motion into a downward pushing motion.

Matching (v.): Both climber's hands or feet are on the same hold.

Mono (v.): to mono, mono-ing, climbing a route/problem using only one finger.

Offwidth (n. adj.): An awkward crack that is too wide to jam a hand in, yet not wide enough to back and foot. These typically require a combination of several different methods to achieve a good hold.

Onsight (v.): To 'send a problem on the first try without falling and with no beta. Usually onsighting for boulders is not so widely accepted, because on most boulders the beta is pretty obvious due to chalked holds, which can be seen in advance by the climber. That makes applying the onsight rule possible only in rare cases and normally the ascent will be considered a flash.

Overhang (n.): A rock face which creates an acute angle with the ground.

Pinch (n. v.): Gripping a hold between thumb and fingers, or the name used for a piece of rock which could be held in this way.

Problem (n.): A sequence of moves leading to the top of a boulder, or an indoor bouldering wall. Boulder problems are to bouldering as 'routes' are to traditional or sport climbing.

Project (n.): A problem never done before. In climbing ethics there are usually two types of projects - opened (may be climbed by everyone) and closed (only the founder may climb them). In climbing usually closed projects are marked with small rope knot on the first bolt but in bouldering this cannot be done as no bolts exist. However, the local climbing community will usually know by word of mouth if a particular boulder problem is open or closed.

Prow (n.): An overhanging arete, shaped like the front of a boat.

Redpoint (v.): This term is generally used in sport and traditional climbing. To redpoint a route means that the climber completed the route, but after multiple tries.

Roof (n.): A section of the rock face that is, or is nearly, horizontal, with the climber climbing on the underside.

Send (v.): Abbreviation of ascend. To successfully climb a problem (e.g. from the start to the end without falling).

Sequence (n.): The combination of movements to climb a single part or the whole boulder. Usually every climber has his own sequence for every problem according to his height, weight, power, technique, etc.

Side-Pull (n. v.): A hold or movement in which the climber holds himself on the rock by pulling against a hold sideways.

Sit Start (n.) (a.k.a. sds, assis): A start to a problem beginning with the boulderer sitting on either the ground or on a crash pad, at the lowest point of a route. This makes the route longer and typically may increase the difficulty of a route.

Slab (n.): A fairly flat rock face that is less than vertical.

Sloper (n.): A hold that tends to slope, or is round (very little positive surface). It can be held with an open, flat palm, with the maximum surface area of the hand in contact with the rock.

Smear (v.): Pushing with the ball of the foot where there is no foot hold.

Spot (v.), Spotting (n.)

The act of being a spotter: this may include duties such as moving the crash pad, removing dangerous objects in the fall zone, and, in the event of a fall, physically cushioning the climber or modifying his trajectory.

Spotter (n.): A person who tends to the safety of the climber, who 'spots'.

Thrutch (v.): To flail or climb desperately, usually up a crack or chimney.

Thumb Catch (n.): A hold where the thumb finds a place to grip, typically a small indentation or protrusion in/on the rock.

Traverse (v. n.): Generally a horizontal climb that involves traversing across a face or overhang, or sometimes around a boulder, occasionally finishing off at an arête in order to top out.

Top out (v.): To complete a problem by getting to the top of the boulder where one can stand upright.

Undercling (n. v.): A hold or movement where the climber grabs the bottom of the hold and pulls upwards, using his/her legs to apply tension and keep him/her on the rock.